Les multiples histoires des idées qui retracent la constitution, relativement récente, de la discipline appelée «esthétique», mentionnent souvent le nom d�Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten (1714-1762) en lui attribuant l�«invention» du néologisme «æsthetica». Très rapidement, ce terme latin, traduit en allemand, entre dans l�usage courant. De nos jours, il désigne un ensemble de discours souvent très hétérogènes sur les beaux-arts. Mais le sens originaire d�æsthetica, c�est-à-dire le contenu de l�ouvrage éponyme de 1750, demeure largement méconnu. Le présent article souhaite contribuer à souligner (...) l�importance du geste inaugural de Baumgarten, dont l�intérêt n�est pas seulement historiographique. Car ce philosophe instaure de manière durable un nouveau rapport à l��uvre d�art. Nous insisterons tout particulièrement sur l�inscription métaphysique de son projet. (shrink)

Dans cet ouvrage, Fabrice Bertin s’intéresse à un personnage assez méconnu de l’histoire des Sourds: Auguste Bébian. Sa trajectoire est atypique: né en 1789 ou en 1791 d’un père métropolitain et d’une mère guadeloupéenne, dans le village de Morne-à-l’Eau (Guadeloupe), il grandit au cœur d’une exploitation agricole dédiée au café et qui compte plusieurs dizaines d’esclaves. Le jeune Auguste Bébian grandit donc au contact de nombreux enfants d’esclaves, qui perdent leurs conditions d’esclaves e...

Si Vernant est célèbre pour avoir appliqué aux mythes grecs la méthode structurale élaborée par Lévi-Strauss, on essaiera ici de montrer que l’absence de la notion de transformation dans ses travaux révèle la distance qui sépare sa psychologie historique de l’anthropologie structurale. Au lieu d’analyser les relations qui unissent les variantes d’un mythe, Vernant cherche à appréhender la cohérence interne d’une œuvre, afin de reconstituer la mentalité qu’elle exprime. Cette démarche s’oppose profondément à celle de Lévi-Strauss, qui soutient pour sa (...) part que le fonctionnement de la pensée sauvage n’apparaît qu’à travers les opérations qui permettent de traduire les uns dans les autres des mythes issus de cultures différentes. (shrink)

Résumé — En assignant la notion de création ex nihilo à la « représentation » , Hegel affirme son caractère non pleinement rationnel : en user, c’est selon lui voir des substances là où il faut discerner des moments. Figeant et isolant les termes en jeu, la représentation déboucherait sur le dialectique , sans permettre de passer au spéculatif . Ainsi, posant créateur et créature comme des substances distinctes, elle donnerait lieu à une « dialectique du fini et de l’infini (...) », où chaque terme « passerait en son opposé ». Mais Hegel omet de distinguer le couple fini/infini du couple esprit fini / esprit infini, ce qui le conduit à traiter ce dernier comme un couple de contraires ; et c’est ce qui ne semble pas tenable. Autant la stricte séparation des termes du premier couple débouche bien sur une dialectique ruineuse , autant la nette distinction des termes du second couple est la condition d’authentiques relations spirituelles, de personne à personne. En fait, la notion de création est, telle quelle, pleinement adéquate à la désignation d’un originer dont le fruit est un être à part entière,libre – et non un simple moment.— In assigning the notion of creation ex nihilo to « representation » , Hegel asserts its character not fully rational. According to him, in using this notion, one sees substances where one should discern moments. By fixing and isolating the terms at stake, representation leads to a dialectic type of reasoning , without allowing speculative reasoning . Hence, establishing creator and creature as distinct entities, it produces a « dialectic of the finite and the infinite » in which each term « would be interchangeable ». Yet, Hegel fails to distinguish the pair of concepts finite/infinite from the pair finite spirit / infinite spirit, which leads him to consider the two terms of the latter as opposite ; and that is precisely what is questionable. Although the strict separation of the terms of the first pair of notions leads to a self-annihilating dialectic , making a clear-cut distinction between the terms of the second couple is the necessary condition to deal with authentic relations from person to person. Actually, the notion of creation as such perfectly matches the designation of a gesture giving birth to a free and independent being instead of a simple moment. (shrink)

El artículo asume que el complejo proceso privatizador y descentralizador que vivió el sistema educativo chileno desde el año 1981 ha tenido consecuencias en el sujeto que se educa, a través de problemáticas que se concentran en los actores educativos –específicamente los estudiantes–. Estas problemáticas se han definido como la “psicologización” de los problemas del sistema educativo, la supuesta “clientelización” de los alumnos y el lugar que le cabe a La Familia como figura preponderante en el proceso privatizador. Las consecuencias (...) de esto dicen relación con la consolidación del sistema privatizado en la forma de enfrentar las subjetividades y, muy especialmente, en el quiebre del rol público que le cabe a la escuela y a la educación. (shrink)

Réseau LACTO (Langage, Argumentation et Cognition dans les Traditions Orales) Quatrième Rencontre du Réseau Lacto CELHTO, bureau de l'Union Africaine, Niamey, Niger, du 22 au 25 septembre 2015 : JEU ET ORALITE DANS LES SOCIETES A TRADITION ORALE According to the main stream approaches to epistemic notions, knowledge and belief are understood as propositional operators. Thus, • Gildas believes that there is a witch in his village is understood as expressing a proposition. Moreover, • Gildas knows that Gödel proved the (...) completeness of first-order logic, expresses a proposition too. The difference between both is that a belief-proposition can be true if it is " factually " false: in our case the proposition can be true in relation to Gildas's belief, that is, despite the fact that there is no witch in his village. Furthermore, assuming that there is not witch in his village, the following proposition is false • Gildas knows that there is a witch in his village. If the latter is false, from the point of view of the mainstream, there was not knowledge at all, rather it was from the start a belief that has not been verified. 1 The present paper is part of an ongoing project in the context of the research-program Argumentation, Decision, Action (ADA) and the project Logique, Argumentation et Cognition dans les Traditions Orales (LACTO) both supported by the Maison Européenne des Sciences de l' Homme et de la Société-USR 318 and by the laboratory UMR 8163: STL. (shrink)

Contents: Preface. Introduction. J. ECHEVERRIA, A. IBARRA and T. MORMANN: The Long and Winding Road to the Philosophy of Science in Spain. REPRESENTATION AND MEASUREMENT. A. IBARRA and T. MORMANN: Theories as Representations. J. GARRIDO GARRIDO: The Justification of Measurement. O. FERNÁNDEZ PRAT and D. QUESADA: Spatial Representations and Their Physical Content. J.A. DIEZ CALZADA: The Theory-Net of Interval Measurement Theory. TRUTH, RATIONALITY, AND METHOD. J.C. GARCÍA-BERMEJO OCHOA: Realism and Truth Approximation in Economic Theory. W.J. GONZALEZ: Rationality in Economics (...) and Scientific Predictions: A Critical Reconstruction of Bounded Rationality and Its Role in Economic Predictions. J.P. ZAMORA BONILLA: An Invitation to Methodonomics. LOGICS, SEMANTICS, AND THEORETICAL STRUCTURES. J.L. FALGUERA: A Basis for a Formal Semantics of Linguistic Formulations of Science. A. SOBRINO and E. TRILLAS: Can Fuzzy Logic Help to Pose Some Problems in the Philosophy of Science? J. de LORENZO: Demonstrative Ways in Mathematical Doing. M. CASANUEVA: Genetics and Fertilization: A Good Marriage. C.U. MOULINES: The Concept of Universe from a Metatheoretical Point of View. List of Contributors. Index of Names. (shrink)

Conceptions of autonomy in western philosophy and ethics have often centred on self-governance and self-determination. However, a growing bulk of literature also questions such conceptions, including the understanding of the autonomous self as a self-governing independent individual that chooses, acts, and lives in accordance with her or his own values, norms, or sense of self. This article contributes to the critical interrogation of selfhood, autonomy, and autonomous decision making by combining a feminist focus on relational dimensions of selfhood and autonomy (...) with phenomenological philosophy of the embodied self as being-in-the-world. It offers a philosophical investigation of different dimensions of bodily relational autonomy by turning to phenomenological accounts of the lived body as self-reflexive. When so doing, we hope to contribute to bridging the gap that sometimes exists between discussions of autonomy in analytic moral philosophy and of freedom and facticity in phenomenological philosophy. We see this gap as unfortunate, and hold that a nuanced understanding of autonomy and autonomous decision making can be reached if these strands of philosophy are brought into dialogue. (shrink)

Jean Philiponus s'est toujours opposé à la notion nestorienne des anges servant les hommes à la place de Dieu. Jean Philiponus s'inscrit dans le courant égyptien critique de la fin du VIe siècle de certains récits apocryphes des anges dans l'univers primitif. L'argumentation de Philoponus est anti-dyophysite. Il s'attache à démontrer que l'univers que nous percevons est peuplé d'entités non corporelles puissantes, au service de Dieu et dont le rôle est de faire passer des messages aux êtres humains. Ces entités (...) ont été créées par le Dieu trinitaire avant l'acte divin de création. (shrink)

The risks taken into account in legal decision-mak- ing are, often, matters of life and death, but the way we think about risk is flawed. This is a problem. The dominant account of how emotions are involved in risky decision-making follows the standard probabilistic account of risk. If we entertain a modal ac- count of risk, however, this changes the way in which a host of legal actors—members of the jury, judges, defendants, lawyers, legislators, regulators, and police—ought to think about (...) how emotions impact risk evaluation. In what follows, I examine what taking a modal account of risk would mean for the way we under- stand emotions in the evaluation of legal risk: specifically, the risk of wrongful conviction. The present chapter draws on contemporary research in the epistemology of risk to examine how emotions can influence the evaluation of legal risk. I first review a distinction between two understandings of risk—the probabilistic account and the modal account—and demonstrate how the probabilistic account is in- complete. Next, I highlight how emotion can be seen to mediate decision-making in a series of empirical studies on the assessment of gruesome photographic evidence. I then analyse the standard accounts of how emotions play a role in risk assessment, which build upon a probabilistic account of risk. A modal account of risk and emotion is then offered, demonstrating the ways in which emotions can contribute to the evaluation of risk understood modally. Finally, I consider what legal practices and structures need to be refined or abandoned in order to facilitate the condi- tions most conducive to harnessing the evaluative power of emo- tions in legal decision-making. (shrink)

Montesquieu's Persian Letters has long been thought to conceal a secret chain uniting the various letters which comprise the work. An examination of the historical context of the Persian Letters, the characters' remarks on justice and self- interest, and the important literary techniques that Montesquieu employs, helps to bring the secret chain to light. The work's letters are written and sequenced to show how self-interest can overawe justice, emphasizing the need for fair and reasonable third party involvement in order to (...) achieve justice in human affairs. Montesquieu calls upon readers to serve as the final link in this chain, prompting the reader ultimately to consolidate the Persian Letters' treatment of politics, philosophy and morality. (shrink)